WHS Regional Meeting Nairobi 2026

Speakers

Dr. Lilies Njanga

Organization: Program Officer, Global Early Childhood Development East and Southern Africa: Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Session Topic: Child health, development and disabilities.

Lilies has worked in international development for over 20 years...

Dr Jack Kileba

Organization: Physician | Medical Operations Lead, Sub-Saharan Africa, Bayer
Session Topic: Quality of care for women, children and adolescents.

Dr. Jack Kileba is a physician with 15 years of...

Ms Mary Jimoh

Organization: Heworth Green
Session Topic: Adolescent and Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Addressing the Triple Threat of HIV/STIs, Early Pregnancy, and Violence.

Dr. Mary Okumu Jimoh is a gender researcher and development...

Dr Fidele Ngabo

Organization: Africa CDC
Session Topic: Women and children in conflict and fragile settings.

Fidele Ngabo is a public health expert with over 19...

Dr Fatou Wurie

Organization: Founder and CEO Youterus Health
Session Topic: Adolescent and Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Addressing the Triple Threat of HIV/STIs, Early Pregnancy, and Violence.

Dr. Fatou Wurie is the Founder and CEO of Youterus...

Prof Lisa R Hirschhorn

Organization: Professor, Medical Social Sciences Director, Ryan Family Center on Global Primary Care Robert J Havey Institute for Global Health Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Session Topic: Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Health: Leadership and Innovation to Reduce Mortality and Morbidity.

Dr Lisa Hirschhorn is Professor in the Feinberg School of...

Dr Corine Karema Kakizi

Organization: Founder and CEO Afrika Kwanza Health Impact, Rwanda
Session Topic: Women and children in conflict and fragile settings.

Dr. Corine Karema, MD, MPH, is the CEO and founder...

Mr Aquinius Mung’atia

Organization: Project Manager, HIGH Horizon under Aga Khan Health Services Kenya
Session Topic: Women, Child Health, Environment and Climate.

Aquinius Mung’atia is a senior healthcare management and development professional...

Dr Andreas Ullrich

Organization: Head of Center of Excellence, Clinical Global Women Health, Department of Gynécology and Oncological Surgery, Charité School of Medicine
Session Topic: Women’s Health, Global Wealth —Advancing Women’s Health Across the Lifespan, Cancer Early Detection & Prevention.

Andreas Ullrich, MD specialized in internal medicine, holding a Master...

Dr Dorothy Kamya

Organization: The Aga Khan University
Session Topic: Co-Producing Health: Leveraging Community, Government and Academic Partnerships for Sustainable Health System Transformation

Dr. Dorothy Kamya is Associate Dean of Postgraduate Medical Education...

Dr Tim Baker

Organization: Essential Emergency and Critical Care (EECC)
Session Topic: Co-Producing Health: Leveraging Community, Government and Academic Partnerships for Sustainable Health System Transformation

Tim Baker is an Associate Professor, Critical Care Physician and...

Dr Isaac Kakule Muyonga

Organization: Communauté Baptiste au centre de au Africa (CBCA)
Session Topic: Co-Producing Health: Leveraging Community, Government and Academic Partnerships for Sustainable Health System Transformation

Dr Isaac K. Muyonga is a professor of Public health...

Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan

Organization: Obafemi Awolowo University
Session Topic: Integrating Oral Health into Kenya’s Primary Health Care System: Policy, Practice, and People’s Voice

Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan is a Professor of Paediatric Dentistry at...

Dr Hyewon Lee

Organization: Seoul National University
Session Topic: Integrating Oral Health into Kenya’s Primary Health Care System: Policy, Practice, and People’s Voice

Hyewon Lee is a pediatric dentist with doctoral training in...

Dr Caroline Kibosia

Organization: Moi University
Session Topic: Integrating Oral Health into Kenya’s Primary Health Care System: Policy, Practice, and People’s Voice

Dr. Caroline Chelimo Boit-Kibosia is a pediatric dentist, public health...

Prof. Pasquale Maffia

Organization: Africa-Europe Centre of Excellence (CoRE)
Session Topic: Domestic Financing for Health and Research in Africa: Breaking the Divide Between NCDs and Infectious Diseases. 

I am Professor of Cardiovascular Immunology at the University of...

Dr Rasmus Borguist

Organization: Novo Nordisk
Session Topic: Domestic Financing for Health and Research in Africa: Breaking the Divide Between NCDs and Infectious Diseases. 

A cardiologist and clinical researcher by training, he is responsible...

Dr Bamba Gaye

Organization: AmedRA
Session Topic: Domestic Financing for Health and Research in Africa: Breaking the Divide Between NCDs and Infectious Diseases. 

Dr. Bamba Gaye, MD, MSc, MPH, PhD is CEO of...

Dr Marie Antignac

Organization: ôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière
Session Topic: Medicine Quality and Access in Times of Health Transitions: Strengthening PHC in Africa

Dr Marie ANTIGNAC serves as the Head of the Hospital...

Dr Oumi Diaby

Organization: TEI MAV
Session Topic: Medicine Quality and Access in Times of Health Transitions: Strengthening PHC in Africa

Oumi DIABY is a public health expert in global health...

Rikke Johannessen

Organization: Novo Nordisk Foundation
Session Topic: Delivering People-Centred, Community-Led Primary Healthcare to Underserved Population

Rikke Johannessen is Director of Global Development at the Novo...

Peter Yeboah

Organization: CHAG
Session Topic: Delivering People-Centred, Community-Led Primary Healthcare to Underserved Population

Peter Yeboah is the Executive Director of the Christian Health...

Dr Margaret Lubaale

Organization: NGOs Network
Session Topic: Primary Health Care Financing, Advocacy and Accountability

Dr. Margaret Lubaale is the Chief Executive Officer of the...

Dr Adedamola Adebayo

Organization: Co-Executive Director, The Knowledge Bridge, Nigeria
Session Topic: Women, Child Health, Environment and Climate.

Dr. Adedamola Adebayo is a global health researcher and policy...

Ms Veronica Kirogo

Organization: Head of Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kenya Ministry of Health
Session Topic: Nutrition throughout the lifecourse in Africa: Pathways to health and development.

Veronica Kirogo is the Director of Nutrition and Dietetics Services...

Dr Susan Ontiri

Organization: Country Director, ICRH Kenya
Session Topic: Quality of care for women, children and adolescents.

Dr. Susan Ontiri is a Public Health Specialist with experience...

Stella Waruingi

Organization: Nairobi County Government
Session Topic: Exploring the Role of Religion, and Indigenous Traditions in Mental Health and Healing

Stella WARUINGI is a public mental health programming expert with...

Mr. Tafi Mazikana

Organization: CEO Vimbo Health
Session Topic: Strengthening Mental Health Access through Digital Health, AI and Information Systems

Tafi Mazikana is the Co-founder of Vimbo Health, a South...

Leveana Gymiah

Organization: World Health Organisation
Session Topic: Strengthening Mental Health Access through Digital Health, AI and Information Systems

Dr. Leveana Gyimah is a mental health expert with the...

Dr. Mary Moussa

Organization: Africa Health Business (AHB), Nairobi. Kenya
Session Topic: Community-Driven and Mental Health Innovations

Dr. Mary Moussa is an Egyptian-born, pan-Africanist health specialist and...

Prof. Bonga Chiliza

Organization: AGMHI/AfCNP
Session Topic: Community-Driven and Mental Health Innovations

Bonga Chiliza is an Associate Professor and Head of the...

Mr. Merab Mulindi

Organization: Befrienders Kenya
Session Topic: Community-Driven and Mental Health Innovations

Merab Mulindi is a Psychologist with wide experience in mental...

Dr. Innocent Yusufu

Organization:
Session Topic: Youth and Adolescent Mental Health: Building Psychosocial Resilience and Leadership

Dr. Innocent Yusufu is a public health researcher specializing in...

Aviwe Funani

Organization: Youth Advocacy Policy Lead:United for Global Mental Health
Session Topic: Youth and Adolescent Mental Health: Building Psychosocial Resilience and Leadership

Aviwe Funani is the Senior Policy and Advocacy Officer at...

Alaa Sadek

Organization: Red Cross Cresent Egypt
Session Topic: Youth and Adolescent Mental Health: Building Psychosocial Resilience and Leadership

Dr. Alaa Sadek is an MHPSS Consultant and PhD researcher...

Byron Bitanihirwe

Organization: Science for Africa Foundation (SFS)
Session Topic: Breaking Barriers: Tackling Stigma through Multisectoral and Integrated Approaches

Dr. Byron Bitanihirwe serves as the Mental Health Research and...

Dr. Sylvia Kasanga

Organization: Former nominated senator at the Kenyan parliament and mental health champion
Session Topic: Breaking Barriers: Tackling Stigma through Multisectoral and Integrated Approaches

Sen. Dr. Arch. Sylvia M. Kasanga, (h.c.) FCIArb, LLM, is...

Mophat Okinyi

Organization: Found and CEO Techworker Community Africa
Session Topic: Breaking Barriers: Tackling Stigma through Multisectoral and Integrated Approaches

Mophat Okinyi is an AI and human rights advocate working...

DR JULIET.E.M NAKKU

Organization: Executive Director Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital
Session Topic: Trauma, Displacement, and Crisis Response: African Lessons for Global Mental Health

Dr Juliet Nakku is a Senior Consultant Psychiatrist, and Executive...

Medhin Selamu

Organization: WHO, Mental Health Technical Officer
Session Topic: Trauma, Displacement, and Crisis Response: African Lessons for Global Mental Health

Dr. Medhin Selamu Tegegne (RN, MSW, PhD) is the National...

Semere Sileshi Belda

Organization: Program coordinator: Population Health Environment Ethiopia Consortium (PHE-EC), Ethiopia
Session Topic: Women, Child Health, Environment and Climate.

Semere Sileshi Belda is a senior public health professional, researcher,...

Rihlat Said Mohamed

Organization: Director Country Support, South Africa, Amp Health
Session Topic: Nutrition throughout the lifecourse in Africa: Pathways to health and development.

Dr. Rihlat Said Mohamed (PhD) is Director of Country Support...

Professor Cesaltina Lorenzoni

Organization: Head of the National Cancer Control Programme at the Ministry of Health in Mozambique
Session Topic: Women’s Health, Global Wealth —Advancing Women’s Health Across the Lifespan, Cancer Early Detection & Prevention.

Professor Cesaltina Lorenzoni, MD, MSC, PhD, is a Medical Pathologist,...

Prof. Amina Abubakar

Organization: Director: Institute of Human Development, AKU
Session Topic: Child health, development and disabilities.

Prof Amina Abubakar is a Kenyan research psychologist with over...

Professor Address Malata

Organization: Vice-Chancellor at the Malawi University of Science and Technology / Former Vice President of the International Confederation of Midwive
Session Topic: Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Health: Leadership and Innovation to Reduce Mortality and Morbidity.

Professor Address Mauakowa Malata holds position of Vice-Chancellor at the...

Ms. Sara Dang

Organization: Lead Advisor, Early Childhood Care and Development
Session Topic: Child health, development and disabilities.

Sara Dang has delivered innovative, systems-focused Early Childhood Care and...

Ms Nyawira Njeru

Organization: Regional Director -Africa - Hologic; Chair Coalition of Women's Health in Africa (COWHA)
Session Topic: AI-driven solutions, and data science and technological innovations in women, newborns, adolescents and children’s health.

Nyawira Njeru is a health care executive with over 20...

Dr Ibtihal Fadhil

Organization: Founder and Chairperson of the Eastern Mediterranean NCD Alliance
Session Topic: Women’s Health, Global Wealth —Advancing Women’s Health Across the Lifespan, Cancer Early Detection & Prevention

Dr. Ibtihal Fadhil is the Founding Chair of the Eastern...

Felicitas Riedl

Organization: Director of the Innovation and Competitiveness Department - Projects Directorate, European Investment Bank(EIB)
Session Topic: AI-driven solutions, and data science and technological innovations in women, newborns, adolescents and children’s health.

Felicitas is the Director of the Innovation and Competitiveness Department...

Dr Samuel Ojong

Organization: Health Manager, UNICEF Mozambique
Session Topic: Adolescent and Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Addressing the Triple Threat of HIV/STIs, Early Pregnancy, and Violence.

Dr. Samuel Akombeng Ojong is a physician–public health specialist and...

Dr. Sara Nasser

Organization: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin | Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Rome I Lead for the Global Women’s Health Division and Member of the Global Stakeholder Committee at United Nations Population Fund
Session Topic: AI-driven solutions, and data science and technological innovations in women, newborns, adolescents and children’s health.

Dr. med Sara Nasser is a gynecologic oncologist, clinical researcher,...

Dr. Mary Sando

Organization: Africa Academy of Public Health (AAPH), Tanzania
Session Topic: Quality of care for women, children and adolescents.

Dr. Mary Mwanyika Sando is Chief Executive Officer of the...

Dr. Estelle Sidze

Organization: APHRC
Session Topic: Quality of care for women, children and adolescents.

Dr Sidze is a leading demographer specializing in maternal, newborn,...

Dr Dennis Opondo

Organization: Head of Clinical Services, Kenya Red Cross Kakuma, Youth leader
Session Topic: Women and children in conflict and fragile settings.

Dr. Dennis Opondo is a global health leader shaping the...

Dr. Boniface Kakhobwe

Organization: Early Childhood Development Specialist: UNICEF HQ
Session Topic: Child health, development and disabilities.

Dr. Boniface Kakhobwe has over 24 years’ work experience in...

Dr Shuaib Kauchali

Organization: Doctor of Medicine, FCPaed(SA), DCH, MS, MPhil, Quality Improvement (Certificate); Senior Technical Advisor at Nelson Mandela University; Community Paediatrics University of the Witwatersrand
Session Topic: Nutrition throughout the lifecourse in Africa: Pathways to health and development.

Dr Shuaib Kauchali is a paediatrician and public health expert...

Dr Mary Nyamongo

Organization: African Institute for Health and Development 
Session Topic: Integrating Mental Health into Primary Health Care to achieve Universal Health Coverage

Mary is the Founder Director/Technical Advisor of the African Institute...

Dr. Tunde Ojo

Organization: National Coordinator,National Mental Health Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja
Session Topic: Innovative Financing Models and Scalable Mental Health Systems

Dr Ojo Tunde Masseyferguson is a psychiatrist and a Global...

Dr Lillian Otiso

Organization: LVCT Health
Session Topic: Social Accountability Mechanisms:  Citizen Voices Driving Health  Reforms

Dr. Lilian Otiso is the Executive Director of LVCT Health,...

Candybell Reider Kensah

Organization: UNFPA Youth Leaders Fellow/ReiderAID
Session Topic: Social Accountability Mechanisms:  Citizen Voices Driving Health  Reforms

Candybell Reider Kensah is an award-winning youth leader and social...

Dr. Carolyn Muruthi

Organization: The Aga Khan University
Session Topic: Culture and Health at the Crossroads: Meanings, Practices, and Power

Dr. Carolyn Wanjira Muruthi is a biomedical scientist and medical...

Temie Giwa Tubosun

Organization: Life Bank
Session Topic: Culture and Health at the Crossroads: Meanings, Practices, and Power

Temie Giwa-Tubosun is a social entrepreneur, healthcare advocate, and Founder...

Dr. Karabo Thokwana

Organization: Ministry of Health
Session Topic: Culture and Health at the Crossroads: Meanings, Practices, and Power

Dr Karabo Thokwane is a physician and health systems leader...

Eliya Zulu

Organization: African Institute for Development Policy
Session Topic: Culture and Health at the Crossroads: Meanings, Practices, and Power

Dr Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu is the Executive Director and founder...

Cynthia Ozoua BAILLY

Organization: Alassane Ouattara University
Session Topic: Intersection of Climate Change,  Gender, and Youth Health Outcomes

Dr. BAILLY Ozoua Cynthia is Social Scientist and lecturer at...

Herryman Moono

Organization: Zambia National Health Insurance
Session Topic: Intersection of Climate Change,  Gender, and Youth Health Outcomes

Mr. Herryman Moono is Director of Research, Planning and Strategy...

Dr Inas Abdelwahed

Organization: Africa CDC
Session Topic: Intersection of Climate Change,  Gender, and Youth Health Outcomes

Dr. Inas Abdelwahed is a physician, public health professional, and...

Dr Joseph Komwihangiro

Organization: Pathfinder International
Session Topic: Intersection of Climate Change,  Gender, and Youth Health Outcomes

Dr. Joseph Komwihangiro, MD, is a Kofi Annan Global Health...

Dr Eniola Cadmus

Organization: University of Ibadan
Session Topic: Equitable Financing Models for  Gender and Youth Health Priorities

Dr Eniola Olubukola Cadmus (MBBS, MPH, PhD, FWACP) is a...

Idil Ismail Muse

Organization: Ministry of Health Development
Session Topic: Closing the Gender Gap in Health  Workforce Leadership

Idil Ismail Muse is a distinguished healthcare leader and business...

Dr Anne Musuva

Organization: Kenya Health Federation
Session Topic: Closing the Gender Gap in Health  Workforce Leadership

Dr. Anne Muendi Musuva is the Acting CEO of the...

Dr. Rachel Toku-Appiah

Organization: Rachel Toku-Appiah & Associates
Session Topic: Closing the Gender Gap in Health Workforce Leadership

Rachel Toku-Appiah is an international development leader with over 20...

Dr Jacqueline Kitulu

Organization: World Medical Association
Session Topic: Youth Leadership in Health  Governance

Dr. Jacqueline W. Kitulu, MBS, OGW, is the President of...

Hakim Kakooza

Organization: MariTest
Session Topic: Youth Leadership in Health  Governance

Hakim Kakooza is a biotech innovator and Founder of MariTest,...

Dr. Abdourraouf Yougounda

Organization: Cameroon Youth Health Diplomacy Network
Session Topic: Youth Leadership in Health  Governance

Dr. Abdourraouf Yougouda is a medical doctor from Cameroon and...

Dr. Samuel Likindikoki

Organization: Muhimbili University
Session Topic: Confronting Gender-Based Violence  and Building Accountability for  Equitable Service Delivery

Dr. Samuel Likindikoki is a psychiatrist, academic, and global mental...

Dr. Rita Arogo

Organization: WHO
Session Topic: Confronting Gender-Based Violence  and Building Accountability for  Equitable Service Delivery

Dr. Rita Arogo is the Reproductive and Maternal Health Technical...

Dr. Ifunanya Clara Agu

Organization: Health Policy Research Group UNN
Session Topic: Confronting Gender-Based Violence  and Building Accountability for  Equitable Service Delivery

Ifunanya Clara Agu is a full-time public health researcher whose...

Ambrose Katungi

Organization: We Care Solar
Session Topic: Gender-Responsive and Inclusive  Health Systems: Innovative Approaches, Equity Monitoring, and  Digital Tools and Women in Technology/ Gender Equity

Dr Ambrose Katungi Muhwezi (MD, MPH) serves as the s...

Mack Muthomi Marangu

Organization: Toto Register
Session Topic: Financing and Scaling Women- and  Youth-Led Health Innovations  (including adolescent health and  SRHR) and Teen Pregnancy

Mack Marangu is a Kenyan social impact innovator, business development...

Elodie Shami

Organization: Imbuto Foundation
Session Topic: Financing and Scaling Women- and  Youth-Led Health Innovations  (including adolescent health and  SRHR) and Teen Pregnancy

Over the last 10+ years, Elodie has garnered international experience...

Prof. Mansoor Saleh

Organization: Aga Khan University
Session Topic: Transforming Health Financing in Africa: From Aid Volatility to Sustainable Investment through Innovative Models and Regional Platforms

Mansoor Saleh, MD began his early education in the Aga...

Prof Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo

Organization: Dean SONAM Aga Khan University
Session Topic: Building Resilient Health Workforce  Systems: Governance, Planning, and  Multi-sectoral Approaches

Professor Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo is the Dean of the Aga Khan...

Dr Abnet Zeleke

Organization: Director of the International Institute for Primary Health Care – Ethiopia
Session Topic: Building Resilient Health Workforce  Systems: Governance, Planning, and  Multi-sectoral Approaches

Dr. Abnet Zeleke Muluneh is the Executive Director of the...

Prof. Elizabeth Ekirapa

Organization: Associate Professor, Makerere University School of Public Health
Session Topic: Managing Health Financing Cliffs: the value of Health Policy and Systems Research

Dr. Elizabeth Ekirapa-Kiracho is an Associate Professor of Health Economics...

Dr Zubin Cyrus Shroff

Organization: Technical Officer, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO
Session Topic: Managing Health Financing Cliffs: the value of Health Policy and Systems Research

Zubin Shroff is a health systems specialist at the Alliance...

Dr. Daniel Mwai

Organization: Health Economist, Presidential Advisor, Health Financing
Session Topic: Beyond Rhetoric and Targets: Re-Negotiating Africa’s Position in Global Health Financing

Dr. Daniel Mwai, is the Presidential Advisor Health in the...

Dr. Magda Robalo

Organization: President, IGHD, Former Minister of Health, Guinea Bissau
Session Topic: Beyond Rhetoric and Targets: Re-Negotiating Africa’s Position in Global Health Financing

Dr Magda Robalo is a former Minister of Health of...

Prof. Rhoda Wanyenze

Organization: Dean, Makerere University School of Public Health
Session Topic: 2 million Community Health Workers - how to empower them for effective and equitable UHC?

Dr. Rhoda Wanyenze is a Professor and Dean at Makerere...

Dr. Landry Dongmo Tsague

Organization: Director Primary Health Care Africa CDC
Session Topic: 2 million Community Health Workers - how to empower them for effective and equitable UHC?

Dr. Landry Dongmo Tsague is the inaugural Director of the...

Mr. Joost van Engen

Organization: CEO Healthy Enterpreneurs
Session Topic: 2 million Community Health Workers - how to empower them for effective and equitable UHC?

Joost van Engen is the Founder of Healthy Entrepreneurs, a...

Mette Ide Davidsen

Organization: Director Global and Public Health Novo Nordisk Foundation.
Session Topic: Transforming Health Professionals’ Education to meet increasing Pan African health ecosystem needs and population health needs

Mette Ide Davidsen is Director of Global & Public Health...

Prof Francis Wafula

Organization: Kenya Health Human Resource Advisory Council
Session Topic: Transforming Health Professionals’ Education to meet increasing Pan African health ecosystem needs and population health needs

Francis (Frank) is an Associate Professor of Health Systems and...

Dr Janet Muriuki

Organization: Ideal Health Organization
Session Topic: Transforming Health Professionals’ Education to meet increasing Pan African health ecosystem needs and population health needs

Global health leader, policy shaper and medical doctor with over...

Dr Tegbar Yigzaw

Organization: Mastercard foundation
Session Topic: Integrating Quality Management, Standards, Health Workforce, and Financing to Strengthen Health Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa

Dr. Tegbar Yigzaw Sendekie is a medical doctor with advanced...

Dr. Rebecca Musyoki

Organization: Health Financing Lead, Nairobi County
Session Topic: Strengthening Primary Healthcare Financing Through Country Learning: Insights from Kenya, Burkina Faso, Uganda, and Tanzania

Dr. Rebecca Musyoki is a pharmacist and public health professional...

Dr. Peter Binyaruka

Organization: Research Scientist, Ifakara Health Institute
Session Topic: Strengthening Primary Healthcare Financing Through Country Learning: Insights from Kenya, Burkina Faso, Uganda, and Tanzania

Dr Peter Binyaruka is a Senior Health Economist at the...

Marie-Jean Offosse

Organization: Health System Insight (Formerly ThinkWell Global)
Session Topic: Strengthening Primary Healthcare Financing Through Country Learning: Insights from Kenya, Burkina Faso, Uganda, and Tanzania

Dr. Marie-Jeanne Offossé N. is a health-financing and public-finance-management specialist...

Dr. Rebecca Ivic

Organization: University of Alabama
Session Topic: Trust in Science: Countering Misinformation in the Age of Digital Health

Dr. Rebecca Katherine Ivic is Professor of Health Communication and...

Vivianne Ihekweazu

Organization: Nigeria Health Watch
Session Topic: Trust in Science: Countering Misinformation in the Age of Digital Health

Vivianne Ihekweazu is the Managing Director of Nigeria Health Watch,...